图1 人参皂苷生物合成相关蛋白的空间分布
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人参具有很高的药用价值和广泛的药理活性,蛋白质对于人参次级代谢产物的产生和营养价值的体现具有重要意义。运用蛋白质组学的思路和技术可绘制人参的蛋白质表达谱,以评价人参的药用活性与差异蛋白质之间的相关性,同时还可研究人参活性成分的生物合成途径等。通过总结国内外的相关文献,从样品制备、差异蛋白质组分析及功能蛋白质研究等方面对人参蛋白质组学的相关研究进展进行综述,为人参蛋白质组学的系统化研究提供参考。
Ginseng shows high medicinal value and extensive pharmacological activities, and the proteins are of great importance for the production of secondary metabolites and the realization of nutritive value of ginseng.Proteomics ideas and techniques can be used to draw the protein expression profile of ginseng, evaluate the correlation between the medicinal activities and differential proteins of ginseng, as well as research the biosynthesis pathway of active constituents of ginseng.By summarizing the relevant domestic and foreign literatures, this paper reviews the relevant research advances of ginseng proteomics from the following aspects: sample preparation, differential proteome analysis, functional protein research and so on, in order to provide reference for the systematic study of ginseng proteomics.
人参是一种五加科的多年生草本植物,主要产于亚洲,是最常见的药用植物之一。药用人参具有显著且广泛的功效,包括抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗衰老及调节血压、免疫功能等[
人参及其活性成分具有重要的研究意义和价值,对人参的现代化分析也是中药研究领域的焦点和热点之一,然而,早前由于人参基因组资源的不完整,使人参的系统研究受到很大的限制,庞大的基因组序列和较长的生长周期给人参的全基因组测序工作增加了难度。近年来,随着技术的不断发展,利用最新的二代基因组测序技术获得了由高质量序列组装而成的人参基因组图谱。相较于基因来说,蛋白质更加复杂,而对人参生理和代谢途径的深入研究与蛋白质的分析密不可分,因此,越来越多的研究者将研究目标转移到人参蛋白质组学的层面上,为人参的物质基础和药理机制研究提供了科学参考[
1994年,澳大利亚的Marc Wilkins首次提出“蛋白质组”一词,蛋白质组由蛋白质与基因组(genome)组合而成,表示一个基因组所表达的蛋白质。蛋白质是基因功能的执行者,对机体的调控更为直接,因此,研究蛋白质组的功能和特性是理解基因功能的重要方法之一。随着高通量检测技术的发展与组学分析平台的日益完善,蛋白质组学逐渐成为生命科学研究中最前沿与热门的研究内容之一,被应用于多种分支学科[
在几乎所有生物体中,携带遗传信息的基因组都是保持稳定的,而蛋白质作为生命活动的直接执行者,其复杂程度远高于基因。蛋白质组学的兴起在很大程度上依赖于高通量、高灵敏度和高准确性研究技术的逐渐发展,我们将人参蛋白质组学的相关研究技术主要划分为前期的蛋白质提取和后续的蛋白质分离和检测,并分别进行讨论。
人参作为一种植物样品,其组成成分非常复杂,含有皂苷、纤维素、色素、多糖、氨基酸、多肽、蛋白质、有机酸、生物碱以及木质素等,因此,前期蛋白质样品的制备至关重要[
人参蛋白质或其他复杂蛋白质样品的分离可采用基于凝胶的电泳分离方法,主要包括SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)、二维凝胶电泳(two-dimensional gel electrophoresis,2-DE)以及二维差异凝胶电泳(two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis,2D-DIGE)等[
近年来,色谱技术飞速发展,已逐渐成为蛋白质分离纯化的主要技术手段,常见的色谱技术包括空间排阻色谱(size exclusion chromatography,SEC)、离子交换色谱(ion exchange chromatography,IEC)、亲和色谱(affinity chromatography,AC)等[
随着生物质谱检测技术的日趋成熟,质谱逐渐成为蛋白质组学研究的强力工具和核心技术之一。液相色谱-质谱联用(liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer,LC-MS)技术和串联质谱(tandem mass spectrometry,MS/MS)技术可以对复杂程度很高的生物蛋白质样品进行检测,结合基因测序得到的基因组数据库,可有效地鉴定出样品中的蛋白质,从而实现定性分析[
与人类和其他模式生物蛋白质组学相比,植物蛋白质组学研究起步较晚,早期的研究主要围绕以拟南芥和水稻为代表的模式植物进行,然而,研究整体的思路是相通的。将蛋白质组学技术和方案应用到中药人参的研究领域,解析人参蛋白质的表达模式,在此基础上,分析人参不同品种、不同生长时期及不同组织器官中差异蛋白的表达,筛选和发现人参中可能参与某些关键生物过程的蛋白质,从而对人参的生长发育和习性有更加系统的理解,同时逐渐完善对人参中的功能蛋白和功能性内源性肽的研究。
目前,东亚、中亚和北美是全球主要的人参种植区,多数的人参研究是以东方人参、日本人参及西洋参为对象进行的。Lum等[
Ma等[
Kim等[
Li等[
图1 人参皂苷生物合成相关蛋白的空间分布
人参主要蛋白质(ginseng major protein,GMP)为28 kD蛋白质,主要存在于人参根部,氨基酸序列分析表明,GMP与植物RNA酶和RNA酶样蛋白具有高度的序列同源性。Kim等[
人参的生长受多种环境因素的影响,如土壤盐度、光照强度、温度等。Kim等[
人参是一种富含肽的中药,早期对人参肽的研究主要集中于人参多肽的提取方法及活性研究,结果显示,人参中的内源性肽可能参与血糖调节、抗脂肪分解和睡眠调节等过程[
人参药用范围广泛且功效强大,具有数千年的使用历史,是中药学研究的关注点之一。随着近年蛋白质组学技术体系的不断完善,人参的蛋白质组学研究发展迅速。然而,目前人参相关的蛋白质组学研究多为基础研究,即运用蛋白质组学的方法从人参样品中提取并筛选出差异表达的蛋白质,这些研究大多停留在蛋白质表达谱的变化和蛋白质含量的相对差异,局限于对检测结果的理论分析与初步的体外实验,缺乏对差异蛋白质作用机制和作用原理的深入挖掘。此外,人参蛋白质中还存在着复杂多样的翻译后修饰过程,如糖基化、泛素化等,这些翻译后修饰可调节蛋白质的生物学功能,是人参中蛋白动态反应和相互作用的分子基础之一,在人参皂苷的合成和药用功效的发挥中起重要作用。当前对人参修饰蛋白质组学和蛋白相互作用网的研究尚在起步阶段,还没有形成完整的体系,仍然具有很高的研究价值和广阔的发展前景。同时,由于人参蛋白质经历各种翻译后修饰过程,故得到的蛋白质组学数据往往会与前期基因组和转录组的数据存在一定的差异。未来的研究可将蛋白质组学与其他功能性组学(如基因组学、转录组学和代谢组学等)结合,利用整体的分子遗传学和组学方法来探索诸如人参这类“黄金植物”的生物学特性,这种跨学科的协同研究将极大地有利于人参蛋白质组学的系统化发展。
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