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Resistance mechanism of targeted drugs in metastatic colorectal cancer and therapeutic strategies of traditional Chinese medicine
Scholar Forum | Updated:2024-04-15
    • Resistance mechanism of targeted drugs in metastatic colorectal cancer and therapeutic strategies of traditional Chinese medicine

    • JIANG Shasha

      ,  

      ZHANG Yingru

      ,  

      WANG Yan

      ,  
    • Academic Journal of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine   Vol. 38, Issue 2, Pages: 1-7(2024)
    • DOI:10.16306/j.1008-861x.2024.02.001    

      CLC:
    • Published:25 March 2024

      Received:22 September 2023

      Revised:31 January 2024

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  • JIANG Shasha,ZHANG Yingru,WANG Yan.Resistance mechanism of targeted drugs in metastatic colorectal cancer and therapeutic strategies of traditional Chinese medicine[J].Academic Journal of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,2024,38(02):1-7. DOI: 10.16306/j.1008-861x.2024.02.001.

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    Abstract

    Molecular targeted therapy is one of the main treatment options for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), and combined with chemotherapy, it can provide significant benefits in patients' overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Commonly used molecular targeted drugs in clinic mainly includes small molecule signal transduction inhibitors and large molecule monoclonal antibodies. However, the problem of drug resistance in the later stage of targeted therapy becomes a key challenge for clinic treatment. Studies have shown that the mechanism of targeted drug resistance may be related to a variety of factors, including abnormalities in related cell signaling pathways such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and alterations in tumor microenvironment. In recent years, studies have found that traditional Chinese medicine are quite effective in reversing targeted drug resistance. Therefore, this article discusses the mechanisms of drug resistance to molecular targeted therapy in CRC, as well as the coping strategies of traditional Chinese medicine, and discusses the tradional Chinese medicine and its active ingredients that can reverse targeted drug resistance.

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    Keywords

    targeted therapy; colorectal cancer; drug resistance; traditional Chinese medicine

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    结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)为消化系统最常见恶性肿瘤之一,其发病率及病死率在世界恶性肿瘤中分别居第3位及第2位

    1。大约20%的患者初步发现即已经发展为转移性结直肠癌(metastatic colorectal cancer,mCRC),50%的患者后期会发生转移2。目前无法手术或者术后复发和转移的CRC患者主要依靠常规化疗和靶向治疗。近年来靶向治疗因临床疗效显著而越来越引起人们的重视。与外科手术、化疗不同,靶向治疗可以特异性地作用在特定分子或者基因上产生抗癌效应,且具有不破坏正常组织细胞等优点,对于肿瘤治疗有着重要的指导意义。
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    分子靶向药物有小分子信号传导抑制剂与大分子单克隆抗体之分,前者能特异性阻断肿瘤生长、增殖所需的信号传导通路,从而抑制癌细胞生长,后者利用抗原抗体特异性结合鉴别肿瘤细胞并进一步将其消灭

    3。研究显示,化疗结合靶向治疗能延长CRC患者无进展生存期(PFS)和总生存期(OS)并提高其生活质量4。靶向药物虽然有一定的优势,但其原发性耐药或者获得性耐药使患者的生存获益并不理想。本文就CRC靶向耐药的分子作用机制及中医药干预策略作一阐述,旨在为CRC个体化治疗和临床疗效的提升提供借鉴。
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    1 mCRC分子靶向药物的耐药机制

    随着国家对中医药“守正创新、传承发展”工作的深入开展,迫切需要全面整合中西医学理论、技术等资源优势开展具有中医药特色的临床研究。因此,为了进行逆转CRC靶向耐药的中医药特色研究,需要充分利用现代科学技术与方法了解CRC分子靶向耐药的机制。目前,CRC耐药和转移的关键分子包括血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)、人类表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)等

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    1.1 VEGF

    VEGF信号通路是肿瘤血管形成的最主要机制之一,因此针对VEGF分子靶向药物在临床上广泛应用。根据靶点特异性和给药途径的不同,抗VEGF药物可分为贝伐珠单抗、阿柏西普、雷莫芦单抗和瑞戈非尼等

    6。贝伐珠单抗是一种特异于VEGF-A的重组人源化单克隆抗体,可高度特异性地与VEGF-A、VEGF-B、胎盘生长因子(PIGF)结合,抑制其下游信号通路的激活,减少肿瘤血管的形成,破坏已存在的新生血管网结构。然而,贝伐珠单抗作为一种单一疗法效果有限,因此在mCRC治疗的一线和后线中与化疗联合使用7。一项随机临床试验显示,贝伐珠单抗可改善CRC患者客观缓解率、PFS和OS,从而提高化疗效果4。阿柏西普是一种重组融合蛋白,已被批准用于联合含奥沙利铂方案治疗期间或之后疾病进展的mCRC患者,发挥其抗血管生成作用8。雷莫芦单抗是一种人免疫球蛋白G1(Ig G1)血管内皮生长因子受体2(VEGFR-2)拮抗剂,靶向VEGFR-2的细胞外结构域,可阻断VEGF-A、VEGF-C、VEGF-D与VEGFR-2配体结合,降低肿瘤血管供应9
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    抗VEGF药物耐药的主要机制可能与VEGF亚型代偿性表达上调以及刺激血管生成因子的生成和分泌有关。贝伐珠单抗抑制VEGF-A,可使VEGF其他亚型(PIGF、VEGF-C、VEGF-D)代偿性表达上调。细胞实验表明,贝伐单珠抗适应的细胞表现出VEGF/VEGF-R家族成员的冗余表达水平增加且VEGF-R1磷酸化(p-VEGF-R1)和p-VEGF-R3水平升高

    10。有学者针对动物模型及临床样本进行了信号转导及转录激活蛋白3(STAT3)抑制剂的相关研究,发现当STAT3被激活时,STAT3与p53之间的生理关系会发生改变,从而导致获得性耐药的发展,因此用STAT3抑制剂来预防或逆转耐药,能够增加治疗方案的疗效和持续时间11。另有学者认为,当白介素(IL)-6/STAT3通路被激活时,会引起免疫相关肿瘤微环境的变化,从而导致耐药性的出现12。此外,肿瘤部位的药物输送受到了缺氧和血液供应的限制,从而导致了耐药性的出现13
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    1.2 EGFR

    EGFR属于受体酪氨酸激酶的ErbB家族,参与细胞生长、存活、迁移、黏附和血管生成。西妥昔单抗和帕尼单抗是针对EGFR的两种单克隆抗体,对治疗mCRC有良好的临床疗效。西妥昔单抗或帕尼单抗联合标准化疗方案用于RAS/BRAF野生型CRC患者的一线治疗

    13-15。西妥昔单抗是一种嵌合小鼠的人Ig G1单克隆抗体,其作用机制是与EGFR的细胞外结构域结合并抑制其在癌细胞中的促癌作用16。一项临床试验证明,接受化疗加EGFR抗体治疗的RAS/BRAF 野生型左半CRC患者的PFS和OS结果更好17
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    然而随着治疗的进展,大约80%使用EGFR抗体靶向治疗的患者会产生耐药

    18,研究其耐药机制是亟待解决的问题。现有研究表明,抗EGFR单克隆抗体的耐药机制主要与EGFR及其配体双调节蛋白(AREG)和表皮调节素(EREG)的异常表达、EGFR下游信号通路的异常激活以及代偿性信号通路的激活密切相关19。在CRC患者中,KRAS突变约占40%,10%~20%磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶催化亚基α(PI3KCA)基因突变,BRAF突变率为5%~10%,且最常见的BRAF突变是V600E突变20-22
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    有学者认为EGFR胞外结构域S492R突变是CRC继发性耐药分子机制之一,原因是CRC患者的EGFR胞外结构域S492R突变使EGFR不能与西妥昔单抗结合

    23。体外研究发现,尿路上皮癌胚抗原1(UCA1)通过抑制细胞凋亡降低CRC细胞对西妥昔单抗的敏感性,其机制可能是UCA1通过竞争性结合miR-495促进CRC细胞中肝细胞生长因子/细胞间质上皮转换因子(HGF/c-MET)的表达而促进西妥昔单抗的耐药性,并且还有可能HGF通过激活CRC细胞中的HGF/c-MET通路来减弱西妥昔单抗诱导的细胞增殖抑制。此外,在西妥昔单抗耐药的CRC患者肿瘤细胞中观察到MIR100HG、miR-100和miR-125b过表达。MiR-100和miR-125b协同抑制5个Wnt/β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)阴性调节因子,导致Wnt信号传导增加,而西妥昔单抗耐药细胞中Wnt抑制恢复了西妥昔单抗反应性,因此揭示了临床上西妥昔单抗耐药的可能原因24
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    1.3 HER2

    HER2是erbB家族的另一个原癌基因,其在CRC中相对罕见,发生率低于5%

    26。然而,HER2高表达与CRC患者EGFR单抗治疗获得性耐药有关,抗HER2药物可能为CRC患者带来福音27HER2基因的扩增与突变和HER3高表达可以激活位于EGFR下游的丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)和PI3K-蛋白激酶B/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(Akt-mTOR)信号通路,进而导致靶向药耐药的发生28。研究结果显示,HER2靶向药物或siRNA可以恢复耐药CRC细胞对西妥昔单抗的敏感性,证明抑制HER2有助于对抗西妥昔单抗耐药。另外,在从转移性 CRC 患者获得的肿瘤中检测到HER2基因组扩增,这些患者对西妥昔单抗的治疗产生适应性抗性29-30。有学者发现HER2基因组扩增的发生率在KRAS野生型肿瘤中富集,在所有KRAS野生型肿瘤中约有13.6%,表明HER2扩增和KRAS突变之间的相互排斥对抗EGFR抗体产生抗性31
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    1.4 其他

    c-Met扩增在临床确定为BRAF突变CRC对EGFR和BRAF双或三重阻断组合耐药的一种新机制。从EGFR转换为MET抑制,同时维持BRAF抑制,在MET驱动获得性耐药发生后导致临床获益

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    2 逆转CRC靶向药物耐药的治法

    目前,现代医学对抗靶向方案耐药性的策略包括新型靶向药物、多靶向方案组合、代谢调节剂和免疫疗法

    33。单药治疗易导致药物发生耐药,通常通过免疫治疗、联合用药以增加药物的作用机制等来减少药物耐药性的发生,虽然能够提高疗效,但毒副作用也相应增加34。中药多靶点的作用特点,使其在逆转肿瘤耐药方面具有巨大优势。此外,长期的临床实践也证实,多数中药或者复方与抗肿瘤药物合用后,其毒副作用变小或增效减毒作用显著,可从整体上提高肿瘤患者的免疫力。见表1
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    表1  结直肠癌耐药相关中医临床研究
    中药成分研究病例数临床疗效
    黄慈颗粒 女贞子、肉苁蓉、蛇莓、郁金香、丹参、五叶树果 治疗组160例、对照组160例 延长PFS,改善生活质量,减少不良反应[35]
    合众颗粒 生姜、人参、黄芩、黄连、吴茱萸、半夏等 治疗组180例、对照组180例 延长PFS、改善生活质量、减少不良反应[36]
    改良葛根芩连颗粒 葛根、黄芩、黄连、木香、椿皮、冬瓜皮 治疗组60例、对照组60例 改善生活质量[37]
    健脾解毒方 野葡萄藤、八月札、黄芪、白术、薏苡仁、党参 治疗组69例、对照组68例 改善生活质量[38]
    益气逐瘀汤 人参、槐花、川芎、莪术、党参、黄芪、白术、当归、炙甘草、白芍、刺五加、白花蛇舌草、黄芩等 治疗组60例、对照组60例 改善患者OS[39]

    注:  PFS为无进展生存期;OS为总生存期。

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    CRC靶向耐药多因患者抗癌无力,加重细胞的缺血缺氧,导致药物的分解、吸收、转运能力下降。根据临床辨证,中医治法治则主要包括以下几个方面:①扶正益气:晚期CRC患者身体虚弱,免疫力下降,中医强调扶正益气,应用中药调理,如补气药物、益气补中药物等,以调理体内的阴阳平衡,增强机体的免疫功能,促进机体分解、吸收药物

    35;②活血化瘀解毒:晚期CRC患者往往会有血瘀状态,中医强调活血化瘀,以减轻疼痛、缓解病症,应用活血散瘀类药物,有助于改善患者的血液循环,促进瘀血的消散,带动药物的运转,从而抵抗靶向药物耐药,对于久稽成瘤、毒根深藏的癌浊之邪应以“罢黜”为法,黜浊不必净,当因势利导,尽早化浊解毒散瘀,导邪而出,祛邪勿尽,强调“带瘤生存”理念,以免过度治疗抑制机体利用药物36;③理气解郁:晚期CRC患者经常伴随着情绪抑郁、焦虑等问题,中医强调理气解郁,气机调畅则有助于身体对外部药物的吸收利用,可以使用中药调理,如理气药物、解郁药物等,有效缓解患者的精神压力37,值得一提的是,国医大师周仲瑛提出“胃以喜为补”的观点,即根据喜好摄入相应的饮食,能起到事半功倍的补益效果38;④温中散寒:部分晚期CRC患者会出现体内寒冷的症状,中医强调温中散寒,以促进体内阳气的运行和代谢,提高靶向药物的利用率。有学者指出,采用温阳治法,通过调节能量代谢水平、激活机体免疫调控,从而最终达到阴阳平衡的正常状态,对临床治疗具有一定的实践价值39
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    3 中药逆转CRC靶向耐药

    尽管现代科学研究从多角度、多维度解释了mCRC分子靶向药物耐药的原因,为逆转剂的开发提供了基础,然而在开发新技术、研发新型药物方面进步缓慢。反观近年来中医药因其多成分、多靶点、多阶段的特性,在提高肿瘤患者免疫力、增强抗肿瘤药物敏感性和克服肿瘤耐药性方面,具有独特的优势和巨大的潜力。目前已研究的中药主要为补益药、清热解毒药、理气活血药和温阳散寒药等,这些中药仅是中医药伟大宝库的灵光片羽,亟待研究者努力发掘、传承和创新。

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    3.1 中药复方

    黄芪、党参、白术、薏苡仁、猪苓、红藤等组成的健脾解毒方,通过抑制结直肠癌细胞的增殖,减少P-糖蛋白(P-gp)和多重耐药蛋白1(MDR1)的表达,提高药物在细胞中的浓度,从而逆转肿瘤细胞的耐药性,而其外在表现则主要为单一基因突变或表达上调所导致的表型改变

    40。经方左金丸是由黄连和吴茱萸两种中药按照6∶1的比例调配制成,据古籍记载,该方具有疏肝泻火、和胃止痛等多种功效。现代研究发现41,左金丸具有抑制CRC细胞增殖、促进CRC细胞凋亡和逆转化疗药物多药耐药的作用,其机制与核因子活化B细胞κ轻链增强子(NF-κB)信号通路相关。此外,研究还发现,左金丸可通过抑制细胞增殖、阻滞细胞周期、促进细胞凋亡等途径逆转KRAS突变CRC细胞对西妥昔的耐药,继而抑制CRC生长,其机制可能与调控NF-κB/B细胞淋巴瘤-2(Bcl-2)/半胱天冬酶(Caspase)-3通路相关42。乌梅丸出自《伤寒论》,研究表明,乌梅丸能够显著逆转人CRC细胞株H508/C225的耐药性,其作用可能是通过多个途径诱导细胞凋亡实现的43。至真方由黄芪、薏苡仁、女贞子、野葡萄藤等组成的中药复方,Sui等44发现至真方能够通过抑制刺猬(Hedgehog)通路的信号传导,减少神经胶质瘤关联癌基因同源物1(Gli1)表达水平,在CRC耐药细胞中以剂量和时间依赖性方式增强药物的敏感性并诱导细胞凋亡。
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    3.2 相关活性成分

    中药中的活性成分具有多种药用特性,如抗氧化、抗癌、抗菌等作用,是新药开发的重要来源,在逆转CRC耐药方面近来也多有研究。白藜芦醇是一种多酚类化合物,通过调节miR-31-5P表达,进而抑制Akt/Bcl-2信号通路,使对西妥昔单抗耐药的CRC细胞重新对西妥昔单抗敏感

    45。姜黄素是从植物姜黄根中提取的多酚类化合物,已被证实可有效抑制CRC发展的各个阶段46,以多靶点方式发挥作用,通过靶向生物活性蛋白或表观遗传调节关键疾病相关通路中的基因表达,干扰多种细胞信号通路,而这两种情况都与耐药性有关47-48。由于其积极的抗肿瘤活性,姜黄素有可能单独或联合分子靶向药物治疗CRC49。雷公藤甲素是中药雷公藤的主要提取物,以雷公藤甲素处理SW480耐药细胞发现,mTOR信号通路诱导的自噬可能是雷公藤甲素逆转西妥昔单抗耐药的作用机制50β-榄香烯是从姜科植物温郁金中提取出来的半萜烯类有效活性成分,其耐药机制可能是通过诱导铁死亡和抑制上皮间质转化,从而增强西妥昔单抗对KRAS突变CRC细胞敏感性51。从玄参科植物毛地黄的叶中分离的洋地黄毒苷可以通过降低KRAS突变CRC细胞中缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)、STAT3、p‑STAT3蛋白的表达,抑制小鼠异种移植模型中的肿瘤生长,因此该研究认为对于西妥昔单抗耐药的CRC患者有相似效果52。去甲斑蝥素可以用于预防EGFR-酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKI)获得性耐药的发生,可能与抑制MET/PI3k/Akt通路从而逆转EGFR突变癌细胞中外源性和内源性HGF诱导的EGFR-TKIs耐药相关53
    transl

    4 中医药治疗mCRC的研究展望

    通过对CRC靶向药物耐药机制的学习以及现有抗耐药中药研究的总结,不难发现,尽管耐药机制具有复杂性和交叉性,但中药具有多靶点、多途径的独特优势。目前,白藜芦醇、姜黄素等多种中药活性成分已被广泛应用于对抗耐药相关研究,但对于中药复方的研究数量相对较少,且大多是体外实验,在很大程度上缺乏临床研究。因此,我们应在现有研究的基础上,继续致力于发掘经方、验方,用现代手段研究中药复方的整体机制,结合“以方测证”方法,从方药的性味、功效出发,通过对目标患者群体进行望、闻、问、切所得的资料进行综合分析,对恶性肿瘤某一阶段或某一类型的病变本质进行归纳总结,观察临床药效反应。此外,积极开展中药逆转剂的药理和代谢组学研究,并在此基础上开展大样本随机对照临床研究,观察其在临床治疗过程中逆转mCRC患者耐药的实际效果,为中医药治疗mCRC提供更高水平的证据。

    transl

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