图1 JuA、JuB与M3的化学结构式
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Jujuboside A (JuA) is the main component of saponin in Ziziphi Spinosae Semen. Domestic and foreign studies have shown that JuA has a wide range of pharmacological effects, such as sedation, sleep improvement, neuroprotection, memory improvement, heart protection, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-tumor. With the update of pharmacological research methods and techniques, the pharmacokinetics, pharmacological effects and related molecular mechanisms of JuA have been continuously discovered and further investigated. In this paper, the research progress of pharmacokinetics and pharmacological actions of JuA was elaborated, which can provide references for future researches.
酸枣仁为鼠李科植物酸枣(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.var spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H.F.Chou 的干燥成熟种子[
近年来随着中医药现代化的迅速发展,中药科技工作者们对JuA做了大量的研究,包括药代动力学研究、药理活性及相关分子机制研究,但少有相关文献对近年来的研究进行系统性的总结与归纳。本文以JuA为酸枣仁的代表性活性成分,对其体内药代动力学、药理活性及相关分子机制等方面的研究进展进行归纳总结,以期对其后续研究提供参考依据。
庞萌萌等[
图1 JuA、JuB与M3的化学结构式
Fig. 1 Structural Formulas of JuA, JuB and M3
从上述研究可以猜测,JuA可能不是真正的活性形式,这为JuA生物活性的机制提供了新的见解。
不少研究表明JuA是酸枣仁发挥镇静安神作用的有效成分。已有研究报道,JuA对小鼠中枢神经系统具有显著的镇静作用,并且呈现明显的量效关系,但对戊四氮诱导的惊厥模型无活性[
实验对象 | 模型诱导剂 | 监测指标 | 分子机制 | 文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|
大鼠 | Na⁃PCN | 群峰电位变化 |
抑制海马脑片 CAI区兴奋性放电 |
[ |
Glu浓度 | 抑制Ca2+的增加 |
[ | ||
皮质脑电图和Glu 浓度 | 增加δ1和δ2条带的功率,降低功率谱密度的重力频率 |
[ | ||
小鼠 | - | 海马基因表达差异 | Mark和Rpgrip1上调 |
[ |
研究表明,JuA是酸枣仁改善睡眠作用的主要功效成分[
γ-氨基丁酸(gamma aminobutyric acid, GABA)系统是大脑中主要的抑制性神经递质系统,是许多临床使用的药物治疗失眠和焦虑的靶点。GABA A型(GABAA)受体是配体门控的氯离子通道,可以介导哺乳动物CNS的快速抑制性传递[
JuA就神经保护而言,已建成初步架构,对于脑保护、视神经节细胞保护、阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)治疗有一定的研究,足以证明JuA对神经系统具有保护作用。研究报道,JuA能抑制脑组织Glu免疫组化阳性细胞的表达、减少神经元细胞的凋亡,JuA在脑缺血急性期能抑制脑内Glu的释放,增加GABA含量,对大鼠神经功能缺失症状有一定改善,具有脑保护作用[
模型 | 模型制备 | 作用 | 分子机制 | 文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|
SD大鼠 | 脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠模型 | 减轻兴奋性毒性对神经元细胞损害,抑制神经元细胞的凋亡 | 抑制脑内Glu的释放,增强GABA的表达 |
[ |
抑制脑内Glu免疫组化阳性细胞的表达 |
[ | |||
急性高眼压模型 | 保护视网膜节细胞 | 使神经节细胞内升高Ca2+与钙调 蛋白结合数量减少,阻断细胞内正常的信号传导途径,抑制Glu的兴奋毒性 |
[ | |
SH⁃SY5Y 细胞 | MPP+诱导的PD模型 | 拮抗MPP+对细胞的毒性作用 | - |
[ |
BV⁃2细胞 | LPS刺激建立的神经炎症模型 | 对神经炎症造成的海马神经元损伤起抑制作用 | 可能与抑制细胞培养液中 NO、TNF⁃α、IL⁃1β释放水平和降低ROS含量有关 |
[ |
小鼠 | Aβ1-42诱导的痴呆小鼠模型 | 降低了海马中Aβ1⁃42的水平,减轻小鼠学习记忆损伤 | 显著抑制了AChE和NO的活性,降低了小鼠海马和大脑皮层中丙二醛的增加 |
[ |
小鼠、BV2细胞 | Aβ诱导的AD模型 | 改善APP/PS1转基因小鼠的认知缺陷 | 通过激活Axl/HSP90/PPARγ通路促进Aβ清除 |
[ |
小鼠 | 过表达APP595/596基因的NSCs模型 | 提高APP⁃NSCs的增殖能力,并促进其向神经元分化 | JuA可增大APP⁃NSCs的神经球直径,提高其BrdU阳性率 |
[ |
注: “-”表示具体分子机制仍待进一步研究。
海马是人体进行记忆的地方,日常生活中短期记忆都会储存在其中,当重复提及同一事物,记忆会被存入大脑皮层中,成为永久记忆。以往亦有研究报道指出JuA对神经细胞和海马神经元具有保护作用[
动物实验证实酸枣仁提取物有抗实验性快速心律失常作用[
抗氧化剂使自由基的生成与消除处于一个动态平衡之中而防止体内发生氧化损伤[
张睿等[
恶性肿瘤已成为严重影响全球人民平均寿命的重要原因之一,抗肿瘤药物的研究越来越受到人们的关注。徐吉敏等[
Wang等[
酸枣仁还具有抗抑郁[
酸枣仁长期以来应用于临床治疗失眠,JuA是其重要的活性成分之一。JuA除了镇静催眠外,近年亦被大量实验证明其有多种药理活性,如神经保护、改善记忆、心脏保护、抗氧化、抗炎、抗肿瘤等,还有更多的可能性等待被挖掘。但目前仍存在以下问题:①至今为止,JuA药理作用的研究发展还处于属于初步阶段,机制研究不够透彻,需要进行进一步的实验探索,在基因与分子水平上完善药理作用机制的研究;②多数研究集中在动物实验方面,临床研究较少,缺乏临床观察数据,从动物实验走向临床观察是未来研究的一大方向,也是必然的方向;③分析现有研究发现缺乏JuA与其他药物成分联合使用的药理活性研究。如果能在临床上充分发挥JuA多靶点、多途径的作用,那将对相关疾病的治疗产生积极的作用。本文对JuA的药动学及药理作用研究进展进行综述,为未来JuA的相关研究提供参考。治疗疾病是医学从古至今的目的,希望在未来投入更多在临床的药物是我国自豪的中药。
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